Nicholas II was pope of the Holy Roman Empire from 1059 to 1061. His reforms included the official ban on clerical marriage.
Gerard of Burgundy was born in France c. 990–995 and became bishop of Florence in 1045. His election to pope was complicated by a power struggle with Benedict X. As Pope Nicholas II (1059–1061), Gerard reformed the papal election process, banned the sale of religious artifacts, and ended clerical marriage. His alliance with Normans in the south of Italy caused a rift between Rome and Germany.
Nicholas II. (2013). The Biography Channel website. Retrieved 03:20, Jun 19, 2013, from http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756.
Nicholas II. [Internet]. 2013. The Biography Channel website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756 [Accessed 19 Jun 2013].
"Nicholas II." 2013. The Biography Channel website. Jun 19 2013, 03:20 http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756.
"Nicholas II," The Biography Channel website, 2013, http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756 [accessed Jun 19, 2013].
"Nicholas II," The Biography Channel website, http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756 (accessed Jun 19, 2013).
Nicholas II [Internet]. The Biography Channel website; 2013 [cited 2013 Jun 19] Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756.
Nicholas II, http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756 (last visited Jun 19, 2013).
Nicholas II. The Biography Channel website. 2013. Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/nicholas-ii-39756. Accessed Jun 19, 2013.