a
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Peter Agre
Doctor / 1949 -
Peter Agre won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2003 for his discovery of the protein aquaporin which led to later important scientific breakthroughs.
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(1949-)
Doctor
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Alois Alzheimer
Psychiatrist, Neurologist / 1864 - 1915
Alois Alzheimer was a German psychiatrist who discovered the pathological condition of dementia and diagnosed the disease that bears his name.
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(1864-1915)
Psychiatrist, Neurologist
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Virginia Apgar
Scholar, Doctor / 1909 - 1974
Virginia Apgar was a physician and medical researcher who developed the Apgar Scoring System, which measures newborn well-being.
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(1909-1974)
Scholar, Doctor
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Richard Axel
Neurologist / 1946 -
American neuroscientist Richard Axel is best known for his work on the olfactory system, exploring how the brain interprets smell.
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(1946-)
Neurologist
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Julius Axelrod
Scientist / 1912 - 2004
Pharmacologist Julius Axelrod’s studies of neurotransmission of adrenalin and amphetamines led to his investigations into drugs for treatment of mental illness.
See full bio
(1912-2004)
Scientist
b
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Frederick Grant Banting
Inventor, Doctor / 1891 - 1941
Sir Frederick Grant Banting was a Canadian scientist and doctor, whose research led to the discovery of insulin to treat diabetic patients.
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(1891-1941)
Inventor, Doctor
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Charles H. Best
Academic, Physiologist / 1899 - 1978
Charles H. Best was a physiologist and medical researcher who co-discovered the use of insulin as a treatment for diabetes.
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(1899-1978)
Academic, Physiologist
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Alfred Blalock
Doctor, Surgeon / 1899 - 1964
Alfred Blalock was a surgeon who pioneered corrective heart surgery in newborns and did groudbreaking work related to blood loss and shock.
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(1899-1964)
Doctor, Surgeon
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Baruch S. Blumberg
Doctor, Scientist / 1925 - 2011
Baruch Blumberg won a Nobel Prize in 1976 for his research into the origins and spread of infectious viral diseases, particularly hepatitis B.
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(1925-2011)
Doctor, Scientist
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Michael S. Brown
Doctor, Geneticist / 1941 -
Michael S. Brown is a molecular geneticist who was co-awarded a 1985 Nobel Prize for his work on the metabolism of cholesterol in the human body.
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(1941-)
Doctor, Geneticist
c
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Edwin Cohn
Scientist / 1892 - 1953
Scientist Edwin Cohn helped develop a method of separating blood plasma proteins, which provided lifesaving care to many soldiers during World War II.
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(1892-1953)
Scientist
d
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Michael DeBakey
Educator, Inventor, Doctor, Surgeon / 1908 - 2008
Michael DeBakey was an American cardiovascular surgeon and surgical pioneer.
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(1908-2008)
Educator, Inventor, Doctor, Surgeon
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Charles Drew
Doctor, Surgeon / 1904 - 1950
Charles Drew was an African-American surgeon who pioneered methods of storing blood plasma for transfusion and organized the first large-scale blood bank in the U.S.
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(1904-1950)
Doctor, Surgeon
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Renato Dulbecco
Educator, Scientist / 1914 - 2012
Renato Dulbecco was an Italian virologist best known winning the Nobel Prize for pioneering the growing of viruses in culture in the 1950s.
See full bio
(1914-2012)
Educator, Scientist
e
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Gerald Edelman
Doctor, Biologist, Immunologist, Neurologist / 1929 -
The work of Nobel Prize-winning scientist Gerald Edelman contributed greatly to the fields of both immunology and neuroscience.
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(1929-)
Doctor, Biologist, Immunologist, Neurologist
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Paul Ehrlich
Immunologist / 1854 - 1915
Paul Ehrlich is a German Jewish medical scientist best known for discovering the first effective treatment for syphilis.
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(1854-1915)
Immunologist
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Willem Einthoven
Physiologist / 1860 - 1927
Willem Einthoven was a physiologist who discovered the electrical properties of the heart and developed the EKG.
See full bio
(1860-1927)
Physiologist
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Gertrude B. Elion
Chemist / 1918 - 1999
American biochemist and pharmacologist Gertrude B. Elion helped develop drugs to treat leukemia and prevent kidney transplant rejection. She won a Nobel Prize for medicine in 1988.
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(1918-1999)
Chemist
f
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Alexander Fleming
Biologist / 1881 - 1955
Alexander Fleming was a doctor and bacteriologist who discovered penicillin, receiving the Nobel Prize in 1945.
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(1881-1955)
Biologist
h
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William S. Halsted
Doctor, Surgeon, Scientist / 1852 - 1922
William S. Halsted was a pioneer of scientific surgery who opened a surgical school at Johns Hopkins University.
See full bio
(1852-1922)
Doctor, Surgeon, Scientist
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William Harvey
Doctor, Physiologist, Journalist / 1578 - 1657
William Harvey was a 17th-century British physician who became the first to document an understanding of blood circulation.
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(1578-1657)
Doctor, Physiologist, Journalist
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Oliver Wendell Holmes
Educator, Doctor, Physiologist, Author, Poet / 1809 - 1894
Physician Oliver Wendell Holmes served as dean of Harvard Medical School, but was best known for his poetry and "Breakfast-Table" essays.
See full bio
(1809-1894)
Educator, Doctor, Physiologist, Author, Poet
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Bernardo Alberto Houssay
Doctor, Physiologist / 1887 - 1971
Bernardo Alberto Houssay was an Argentinian doctor whose research on the role of pituitary hormones regulating blood sugar won him a Nobel Prize.
See full bio
(1887-1971)
Doctor, Physiologist
i
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Jan Ingenhousz
Biologist, Chemist, Physicist / 1730 - 1799
Jan Ingenhousz was a Dutch physiologist, biologist and chemist who discovered the plant process photosynthesis.
See full bio
(1730-1799)
Biologist, Chemist, Physicist
j
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Edward Jenner
Surgeon / 1749 - 1823
English surgeon Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for smallpox, greatly reducing the impact of a disease that had killed millions.
See full bio
(1749-1823)
Surgeon
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Percy Julian
Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Medical Professional, Chemist / 1899 - 1975
African-American chemist Percy Julian was a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs such as cortisone, steroids and birth control pills.
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(1899-1975)
Academic, Civil Rights Activist, Medical Professional, Chemist
k
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Robert Koch
Medical Professional, Biologist / 1843 - 1910
Prussian physician Robert Koch is best known for isolating the bacterium which causes tuberculosis, the cause of numerous deaths in the mid-19th century.
See full bio
(1843-1910)
Medical Professional, Biologist
l
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Karl Landsteiner
Immunologist / 1868 - 1943
Immunologist and pathologist Karl Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the major blood types.
See full bio
(1868-1943)
Immunologist
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Paul C Lauterbur
Educator, Chemist / 1929 - 2007
Paul C. Lauterbur is an American chemist best known for his work in helping to develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for internal body structures scanning.
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(1929-2007)
Educator, Chemist
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Rita Levi-Montalcini
Educator, Medical Professional, Neurologist, Academic Author / 1909 - 2012
Rita Levi-Montalcini shared the 1986 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for her part in the discovery of a protein that stimulates nerve cell growth.
See full bio
(1909-2012)
Educator, Medical Professional, Neurologist, Academic Author
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Joseph Lister
Doctor, Scientist / 1827 - 1912
British surgeon and medical scientist Joseph Lister is regarded as the founder of antiseptic medicine, which he implemented with amputee patients.
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(1827-1912)
Doctor, Scientist
m
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Barry J. Marshall
Doctor, Scientist / 1951 -
Nobel Prize-winning physician Barry J. Marshall discovered that stomach ulcers were caused by bacteria, and can be treated with antibiotics.
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(1951-)
Doctor, Scientist
o
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Severo Ochoa
Academic, Chemist / 1905 - 1993
Severo Ochoa was co-awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering an enzyme in bacteria that enables the synthesis of RNA.
See full bio
(1905-1993)
Academic, Chemist
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Ernest O. Lawrence
Educator, Inventor, Physicist / 1901 - 1958
American physicist Ernest O. Lawrence won the 1939 Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention of the cyclotron particle accelerator.
See full bio
(1901-1958)
Educator, Inventor, Physicist
p
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James Parkinson
Activist, Doctor, Geologist, Neurologist / 1755 - 1824
English born, English bred, forgotten by the English and the world, James Parkinson identified the "shaking palsy" as a disease of the central nervous system.
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(1755-1824)
Activist, Doctor, Geologist, Neurologist
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Louis Pasteur
Inventor, Doctor, Chemist / 1822 - 1895
Scientist Louis Pasteur came up with the food preparing process known as pasteurization; he also developed a vaccination for anthrax and rabies.
See full bio
(1822-1895)
Inventor, Doctor, Chemist
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Gregory Pincus
Doctor, Biologist / 1903 - 1967
A pioneer in early hormonal and reproductive research, Gregory Pincus and his team of scientists are credited with formulating the first oral contraceptive for birth control.
See full bio
(1903-1967)
Doctor, Biologist
r
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Walter Reed
Doctor, Scientist / 1851 - 1902
Walter Reed was a U.S. Army pathologist and bacteriologist who led the experiments that proved that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquito bite.
See full bio
(1851-1902)
Doctor, Scientist
s
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Oliver Sacks
Educator, Psychiatrist, Neurologist, Journalist / 1933 -
Neurologist Oliver Wolf Sacks wrote about his patients and their pathological conditions. His 1973 book Awakenings was made in to a film in 1990.
See full bio
(1933-)
Educator, Psychiatrist, Neurologist, Journalist
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Jonas Salk
Doctor, Scientist / 1914 - 1995
Jonas Salk was an American physician and medical researcher who developed the first safe and effective vaccine for polio.
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| Watch video
(1914-1995)
Doctor, Scientist
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Norman Shumway
Surgeon / 1923 - 2006
Surgeon Norman Shumway performed the first human heart transplant in 1968.
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(1923-2006)
Surgeon
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Elizabeth Stern
Scientist / 1915 - 1980
Pathologist Elizabeth Stern tracked the 250 stages of a cell's progression from normal to cancerous, enabling early cancer screening.
See full bio
(1915-1980)
Scientist
v
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Rudolf Virchow
Academic, Doctor, Political Leader, Biologist / 1821 - 1902
Rudolf Virchow was a German pathologist and statesman, widely credited for his advancements in public health, particularly with his cell theory.
See full bio
(1821-1902)
Academic, Doctor, Political Leader, Biologist
w
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J. Robin Warren
Medical Professional, Scientist / 1937 -
J. Robin Warren is a Nobel Prize-winning pathologist who, with Barry J. Marshall, identified the bacteria that causes ulcers.
See full bio
(1937-)
Medical Professional, Scientist
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James D. Watson
Academic, Biologist, Geneticist, Zoologist / 1928 -
James D. Watson is a Nobel Prize-winning biophysicist and researcher credited with co-discovering the double-helix structure of DNA.
See full bio
| Watch video
(1928-)
Academic, Biologist, Geneticist, Zoologist
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Daniel Hale Williams
Surgeon / 1856 - 1931
Daniel Hale Williams was a physician who performed the first known open-heart surgery in the United States and who founded a hospital with an interracial staff.
See full bio
(1856-1931)
Surgeon