a
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Alfonso X
Scholar, King / 1221 - 1285
Alfonso X was the king of Castile, León and Galicia from 1252 until his death. He established the form of modern Castilian Spanish.
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(1221-1285)
Scholar, King
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Virginia Apgar
Scholar, Doctor / 1909 - 1974
Virginia Apgar was a physician and medical researcher who developed the Apgar Scoring System, which measures newborn well-being.
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(1909-1974)
Scholar, Doctor
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Kwame Anthony Appiah
Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author / 1954 -
Philosopher, novelist and scholar Kwame Anthony Appiah is known for his contributions to political philosophy, moral psychology and the philosophy of culture.
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(1954-)
Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author
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Marcus Aurelius
Scholar, Military Leader, Political Leader, Emperor / 121 - 180
As Emperor of Rome from 161-180, Marcus Aurelius kept the empire safe from the Parthians and Germans, but is best known for his intellectual pursuits.
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(121-180)
Scholar, Military Leader, Political Leader, Emperor
b
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Mikhail Bakhtin
Linguist, Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author / 1895 - 1975
Mikhail Bakhtin was a Russian literary critic, linguist and philosopher.
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(1895-1975)
Linguist, Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author
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Imamu Amiri Baraka
Scholar, Critic, Academic Author, Author, Playwright, Poet / 1934 -
Imamu Amiri Baraka is an African-American poet and scholar. He has served as professor emeritus of Africana Studies at the State Unversity of New York at Stony Brook.
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(1934-)
Scholar, Critic, Academic Author, Author, Playwright, Poet
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Katharine Lee Bates
Scholar, Poet / 1859 - 1929
A professor and a poet, Katharine Lee Bates wrote the poem "America the Beautiful." Her poem became the lyrics to the popular American ballad still enjoyed today.
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(1859-1929)
Scholar, Poet
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Isaiah Berlin
Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist / 1909 - 1997
Isaiah Berlin was a trailblazing 20th century scholar, philosopher and author, who championed pluralistic thinking and openness to ideas.
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(1909-1997)
Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist
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J. Michael Bishop
Scholar, Biologist, Immunologist, Academic Author / 1936 -
J. Michael Bishop is a Nobel Prize winning physician and scholar who made groundbreaking discoveries in cancer research.
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(1936-)
Scholar, Biologist, Immunologist, Academic Author
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James M. Buchanan
Scholar, Critic / 1919 -
James M. Buchanan is an American economist best known for his work on public choice theory, for which he receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1986.
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(1919-)
Scholar, Critic
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Richard Burton
Linguist, Scholar, Explorer / 1821 - 1890
Sir Richard Burton was a British explorer and linguist. He translated The Arabian Nights, and wrote extensively about his travels in Asia, Africa and America.
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(1821-1890)
Linguist, Scholar, Explorer
c
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Ana Castillo
Scholar, Poet / 1953 -
Ana Castillo is an Hispanic-American poet whose work explores themes of race, sexuality, and gender.
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(1953-)
Scholar, Poet
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Cyril Connolly
Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Editor, Publisher, Journalist, Author / 1903 - 1974
Cyril Connolly was an English literary critic, essayist, and novelist.
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(1903-1974)
Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Editor, Publisher, Journalist, Author
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Alistair Cooke
Scholar, Critic, Radio Personality, Television Personality, Journalist / 1908 - 2004
Alistair Cooke was a British-born journalist who worked in newspaper, radio and television. He hosted television's Masterpiece Theatre.
See full bio
(1908-2004)
Scholar, Critic, Radio Personality, Television Personality, Journalist
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Alexander Crummell
Educator, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist / 1819 - 1898
Alexander Crummell was an African-American scholar, abolitionist, and Episcopalian minister. He founded the American Negro Academy.
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(1819-1898)
Educator, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist
d
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John Dalton
Educator, Scholar, Chemist, Meteorologist, Journalist / 1766 - 1844
Chemist John Dalton is credited with pioneering modern atomic theory. He was also the first to study color blindness.
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(1766-1844)
Educator, Scholar, Chemist, Meteorologist, Journalist
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Dante
Philosopher, Scholar, Poet / 1265 - 1320
Poet, writer, political thinker. Dante was a Medieval Italian poet and philosopher whose poetic trilogy, The Divine Comedy, made an indelible impression on both literature and theology.
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(1265-1320)
Philosopher, Scholar, Poet
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Angela Davis
Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Women's Rights Activist, Academic Author / 1944 -
Angela Davis is an activist, scholar and writer who advocates for the oppressed. She has authored several books, including Women, Culture & Politics.
See full bio
(1944-)
Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Women's Rights Activist, Academic Author
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Michel de Montaigne
Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist / 1533 - 1592
Michel de Montaigne was a 16th century French author best known for his series of philosophical essays, which were published in 1575.
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(1533-1592)
Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist
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Maximilien de Robespierre
Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Lawyer, Judge, Journalist, Government Official / 1758 - 1794
Maximilien de Robespierre was an official during the French Revolution and one of the principal architects of the Reign of Terror.
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(1758-1794)
Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Lawyer, Judge, Journalist, Government Official
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Miguel de Unamuno
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author, Poet / 1864 - 1936
Miguel de Unamuno (y Jugo) was a Spanish philosopher and writer best known for his novel Abel Sánchez.
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(1864-1936)
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author, Poet
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Jacques Derrida
Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Journalist / 1930 - 2004
Jacques Derrida was an influential postmodern French philosopher who developed the analytic method known as Deconstruction.
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(1930-2004)
Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Journalist
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Melvil Dewey
Educator, Scholar, Journalist / 1851 - 1931
Melvil Dewey was a librarian and scholar who developed the Dewey Decimal Classification system for cataloging books and other library materials.
See full bio
(1851-1931)
Educator, Scholar, Journalist
e
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Jonathan Edwards
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian, Journalist / 1703 - 1758
The sermons and writings of Jonathan Edwards helped to shape the course of Protestant theology before, during, and after The Great Awakening of 1740-1742.
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(1703-1758)
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian, Journalist
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Albert Ellis
Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist / 1913 - 2007
Psychologist Albert Ellis developed the psychotherapeutic approach known as rational emotive behavior therapy, which help patients overcome irrational beliefs.
See full bio
(1913-2007)
Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist
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Daniel Ellsberg
Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Journalist, Government Official / 1931 -
Daniel Ellsberg strengthened public opposition to the Vietnam War in 1971 when he leaked the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times.
See full bio
(1931-)
Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Journalist, Government Official
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Erik H. Erikson
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist / 1902 - 1994
Personality development, in Erik H. Erikson's view, occurs through a series of identity crises that occur in stages that must be overcome and internalized.
See full bio
(1902-1994)
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist
f
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Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
Educator, Historian, Scholar, World Leader, Journalist, Sociologist / 1811 - 1888
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was a writer and scholar who became president of Argentina in 1868.
See full bio
(1811-1888)
Educator, Historian, Scholar, World Leader, Journalist, Sociologist
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Michel Foucault
Anthropologist, Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Academic Author, Journalist / 1926 - 1984
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher and historian. His best known works are Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality.
See full bio
(1926-1984)
Anthropologist, Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Academic Author, Journalist
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Felix Frankfurter
Educator, Scholar, Supreme Court Justice / 1882 - 1965
Associate Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter was a noted law scholar, who was the high court's leading exponent of the doctrine of judicial self-restraint.
See full bio
(1882-1965)
Educator, Scholar, Supreme Court Justice
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Christian Wolff
Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Royalty, Botanist, Academic Author / 1679 - 1754
Christian Freiherr von Wolff was a German philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is best known as a leading spokesman of German rationalism.
See full bio
(1679-1754)
Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Royalty, Botanist, Academic Author
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Sigmund Freud
Scholar, Psychiatrist / 1856 - 1939
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist best known for developing the theories and techniques of psychoanalysis.
See full bio
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(1856-1939)
Scholar, Psychiatrist
g
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Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Educator, Historian, Scholar, Literary Critic, Filmmaker, Academic Author, Editor / 1950 -
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. is an African-American educator and scholar, and the director of the W. E. B. DuBois Institute for African and African-American Research.
See full bio
(1950-)
Educator, Historian, Scholar, Literary Critic, Filmmaker, Academic Author, Editor
h
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F.A. Hayek
Educator, Scholar, Economist, Journalist / 1899 - 1992
Economist F.A. Hayek was noted for his criticisms of the Keynesian welfare state and of totalitarian socialism. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize for Economics.
See full bio
(1899-1992)
Educator, Scholar, Economist, Journalist
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Robert Hooke
Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Architect, Illustrator, Astronomer, Physicist, Academic Author / 1635 - 1703
Robert Hooke was an English philosopher, mathematician and architect who discovered the law of elasticity, now known as Hooke's law.
See full bio
(1635-1703)
Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Architect, Illustrator, Astronomer, Physicist, Academic Author
-
bell hooks
Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist / 1952 -
Bell hooks is an American scholar whose best known work focuses on perceptions of black women in the United States.
See full bio
(1952-)
Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist
-
A.E. Housman
Scholar, Poet / 1859 - 1936
A.E. Housman was an English scholar and poet whose poems were based on classical models and expressed a Romantic pessimism in a spare, simple style. He published two volumes of poetry: A Shropshire Lad and Last Poems.
See full bio
(1859-1936)
Scholar, Poet
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Clark L. Hull
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist / 1884 - 1952
Psychologist Clark L. Hull performed a study and produced the dominant learning theory of the 1940s and 1950s, that learning was based on “habit strength."
See full bio
(1884-1952)
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist
j
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James Weldon Johnson
Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Songwriter, Diplomat, Journalist / 1871 - 1938
James Weldon Johnson was an African-American writer, politician, educator and lawyer. He was also an early civil rights activist and leader of the NAACP.
See full bio
(1871-1938)
Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Songwriter, Diplomat, Journalist
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Daniel J. Boorstin
Educator, Historian, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist / 1914 - 2004
Daniel J. Boorstin was a writer and historian known for his Americans trilogy and The Discoverers.
See full bio
(1914-2004)
Educator, Historian, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist
k
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Jerome Kagan
Scholar, Psychologist / 1929 -
Jerome Kagan is a professor of psychology at Harvard University and is regarded as key pioneer in the field of developmental psychology.
See full bio
(1929-)
Scholar, Psychologist
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Jeane Kirkpatrick
Scholar, Political Scientist, Government Official / 1926 - 2006
Jeane Kirkpatrick was the first American female ambassador to the United Nations, an anticommunist, and Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser.
See full bio
(1926-2006)
Scholar, Political Scientist, Government Official
l
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Alain LeRoy Locke
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist / 1886 - 1954
American educator, writer, and philosopher Alain LeRoy Locke is best remembered as the leader and chief interpreter of the Harlem Renaissance.
See full bio
(1886-1954)
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist
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Amy Lowell
Scholar, Journalist, Poet / 1874 - 1925
Amy Lowell was a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet from the prominent Lowell family of Boston. Her work is labeled "Imagism."
See full bio
(1874-1925)
Scholar, Journalist, Poet
m
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Abraham Maslow
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Academic Author / 1908 - 1970
U.S. Psychologist Abraham Maslow was a practitioner of humanistic psychology. He is known for his theory of “self-actualization.”
See full bio
(1908-1970)
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Academic Author
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James Alan McPherson
Scholar, Author / 1943 -
James Alan McPherson is an award-winning African-American short-story writer who focuses his character-driven works on racial tension, isolation and love.
See full bio
(1943-)
Scholar, Author
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John Stuart Mill
Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Author / 1806 - 1873
John Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist. His works include books and essays covering logic, epistemology, economics, social and political philosophy, ethics, and religion, among them A System of Logic, On Liberty, and Utilitarianism.
See full bio
(1806-1873)
Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Author
n
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosopher, Scholar / 1844 - 1900
19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche radically questioned widely held cultural beliefs and is best known for his "God is dead" concept.
See full bio
(1844-1900)
Philosopher, Scholar
p
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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian / 1463 - 1494
Renaissance philosopher Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola is remembered for writing the Oration on the Dignity of Man, a text considered to epitomize Renaissance humanism.
See full bio
(1463-1494)
Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian
-
Alexander Pope
Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Poet / 1688 - 1744
Alexander Pope was an 18th-century English poet best known for his epic poem, The Rape of the Lock, and his translation of Homer's Iliad.
See full bio
(1688-1744)
Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Poet
r
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Adrienne Rich
Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist, Poet / 1929 - 2012
Adrienne Rich is a U.S. poet, scholar and critic whose work exhibits her commitment to the women's movement and a lesbian/feminist aesthetic influence.
See full bio
(1929-2012)
Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist, Poet
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Peter Mark Roget
Scholar, Physicist, Academic Author, Publisher / 1779 - 1869
British scholar and physician Peter Mark Roget was best known for publishing Roget's Thesaurus in 1852 and helping to found the University of London.
See full bio
(1779-1869)
Scholar, Physicist, Academic Author, Publisher
s
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Dorothy L Sayers
Scholar, Author / 1893 - 1957
Dorothy Sayers was a writer whose later efforts focused on theological dramas and books, radio plays and scholarly translations.
See full bio
(1893-1957)
Scholar, Author
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Erwin Schrödinger
Scholar, Physicist / 1887 - 1961
Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger contributed to the wave theory of matter and to other fundamentals of quantum mechanics.
See full bio
(1887-1961)
Scholar, Physicist
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Albert Schweitzer
Philosopher, Scholar, Doctor, Musician, Missionary, Preacher, Theologian, Journalist / 1875 - 1965
Albert Schweitzer was Alsatian-German theologian, philosopher, organist, and mission doctor in equatorial Africa, whose goal was the Brotherhood of Nations.
See full bio
(1875-1965)
Philosopher, Scholar, Doctor, Musician, Missionary, Preacher, Theologian, Journalist
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Adam Smith
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Journalist / 1723 - 1790
Scottish social philosopher and political economist Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations and achieved the first comprehensive system of political economy.
See full bio
(1723-1790)
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Journalist
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Susan Sontag
Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Anti-War Activist, Academic Author, Journalist / 1933 - 2004
Susan Sontag was a critical essayist, cultural analyst, novelist and filmmaker. She wrote On Photography, Illness as Metaphor, The Volcano Lover and In America.
See full bio
(1933-2004)
Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Anti-War Activist, Academic Author, Journalist
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Leo Strauss
Scholar, Political Scientist, Academic Author / 1899 - 1973
Leo Strauss was a German-born American political philosopher and interpreter of classical political theory.
See full bio
(1899-1973)
Scholar, Political Scientist, Academic Author
w
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Max Weber
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Economist, Literary Critic, Political Scientist, Journalist, Sociologist / 1864 - 1920
Max Weber was a 19th century German sociologist and one of the founders of modern sociology. He wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 1905.
See full bio
(1864-1920)
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Economist, Literary Critic, Political Scientist, Journalist, Sociologist
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Cornel West
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Academic Author / 1953 -
Cornel West is a scholar of African American studies, and political activist. He published Race Matters in 1993 and appeared in the Matrix sequels.
See full bio
(1953-)
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Academic Author
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George Washington Williams
Scholar, Lawyer, Pastor, Journalist / 1849 - 1891
Civil War veteran George Washington Williams is best known as the author of History of the Negro Race in America, widely considered the first objective history of African Americans.
See full bio
(1849-1891)
Scholar, Lawyer, Pastor, Journalist
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Mary Wollstonecraft
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Journalist / 1759 - 1797
Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pressed for educational reforms.
See full bio
(1759-1797)
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Journalist
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George Wythe
Scholar, Judge, Academic Author / 1726 - 1806
Georges Wythe is best known for his work as an early American judge and law professor to future presidents, like Jefferson.
See full bio
(1726-1806)
Scholar, Judge, Academic Author
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