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a
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Scholar, King / 1221 - 1285
Alfonso X was the king of Castile, León and Galicia from 1252 until his death. He established the form of modern Castilian Spanish.
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Alfonso X
1221-1285
Scholar, King
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Scholar, Doctor / 1909 - 1974
Virginia Apgar was a physician and medical researcher who developed the Apgar Scoring System, which measures newborn well-being.
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Virginia Apgar
1909-1974
Scholar, Doctor
-
Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author / 1954 -
Philosopher, novelist and scholar Kwame Anthony Appiah is known for his contributions to political philosophy, moral psychology and the philosophy of culture.
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Kwame Anthony Appiah
1954-
Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author
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Scholar, Military Leader, Political Leader, Emperor / 121 - 180
As Emperor of Rome from 161-180, Marcus Aurelius kept the empire safe from the Parthians and Germans, but is best known for his intellectual pursuits.
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Marcus Aurelius
121-180
Scholar, Military Leader, Political Leader, Emperor
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b
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Linguist, Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author / 1895 - 1975
Mikhail Bakhtin was a Russian literary critic, linguist and philosopher.
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Mikhail Bakhtin
1895-1975
Linguist, Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author
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Scholar, Critic, Academic Author, Author, Playwright, Poet / 1934 -
Imamu Amiri Baraka is an African-American poet and scholar. He has served as professor emeritus of Africana Studies at the State Unversity of New York at Stony Brook.
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Imamu Amiri Baraka
1934-
Scholar, Critic, Academic Author, Author, Playwright, Poet
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Scholar, Poet / 1859 - 1929
A professor and a poet, Katharine Lee Bates wrote the poem "America the Beautiful." Her poem became the lyrics to the popular American ballad still enjoyed today.
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Katharine Lee Bates
1859-1929
Scholar, Poet
-
Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist / 1909 - 1997
Isaiah Berlin was a trailblazing 20th century scholar, philosopher and author, who championed pluralistic thinking and openness to ideas.
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Isaiah Berlin
1909-1997
Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist
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Scholar, Biologist, Immunologist, Academic Author / 1936 -
J. Michael Bishop is a Nobel Prize winning physician and scholar who made groundbreaking discoveries in cancer research.
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J. Michael Bishop
1936-
Scholar, Biologist, Immunologist, Academic Author
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Scholar, Critic / 1919 -
James M. Buchanan is an American economist best known for his work on public choice theory, for which he receive the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1986.
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James M. Buchanan
1919-
Scholar, Critic
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Linguist, Scholar, Explorer / 1821 - 1890
Sir Richard Burton was a British explorer and linguist. He translated The Arabian Nights, and wrote extensively about his travels in Asia, Africa and America.
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Richard Burton
1821-1890
Linguist, Scholar, Explorer
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c
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Scholar, Poet / 1953 -
Ana Castillo is an Hispanic-American poet whose work explores themes of race, sexuality, and gender.
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Ana Castillo
1953-
Scholar, Poet
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Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Editor, Publisher, Journalist, Author / 1903 - 1974
Cyril Connolly was an English literary critic, essayist, and novelist.
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Cyril Connolly
1903-1974
Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Editor, Publisher, Journalist, Author
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Scholar, Critic, Radio Personality, Television Personality, Journalist / 1908 - 2004
Alistair Cooke was a British-born journalist who worked in newspaper, radio and television. He hosted television's Masterpiece Theatre.
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Alistair Cooke
1908-2004
Scholar, Critic, Radio Personality, Television Personality, Journalist
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Educator, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist / 1819 - 1898
Alexander Crummell was an African-American scholar, abolitionist, and Episcopalian minister. He founded the American Negro Academy.
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Alexander Crummell
1819-1898
Educator, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist
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d
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Educator, Scholar, Chemist, Meteorologist, Journalist / 1766 - 1844
Chemist John Dalton is credited with pioneering modern atomic theory. He was also the first to study color blindness.
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John Dalton
1766-1844
Educator, Scholar, Chemist, Meteorologist, Journalist
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Philosopher, Scholar, Poet / 1265 - 1320
Poet, writer, political thinker. Dante was a Medieval Italian poet and philosopher whose poetic trilogy, The Divine Comedy, made an indelible impression on both literature and theology.
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Dante
1265-1320
Philosopher, Scholar, Poet
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Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Women's Rights Activist, Academic Author / 1944 -
Angela Davis is an activist, scholar and writer who advocates for the oppressed. She has authored several books, including Women, Culture & Politics.
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Angela Davis
1944-
Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Women's Rights Activist, Academic Author
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Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist / 1533 - 1592
Michel de Montaigne was a 16th century French author best known for his series of philosophical essays, which were published in 1575.
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Michel de Montaigne
1533-1592
Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist
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Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Lawyer, Judge, Journalist, Government Official / 1758 - 1794
Maximilien de Robespierre was an official during the French Revolution and one of the principal architects of the Reign of Terror.
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Maximilien de Robespierre
1758-1794
Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Lawyer, Judge, Journalist, Government Official
-
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author, Poet / 1864 - 1936
Miguel de Unamuno (y Jugo) was a Spanish philosopher and writer best known for his novel Abel Sánchez.
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Miguel de Unamuno
1864-1936
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist, Author, Poet
-
Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Journalist / 1930 - 2004
Jacques Derrida was an influential postmodern French philosopher who developed the analytic method known as Deconstruction.
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Jacques Derrida
1930-2004
Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Journalist
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Educator, Scholar, Journalist / 1851 - 1931
Melvil Dewey was a librarian and scholar who developed the Dewey Decimal Classification system for cataloging books and other library materials.
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Melvil Dewey
1851-1931
Educator, Scholar, Journalist
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e
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Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian, Journalist / 1703 - 1758
The sermons and writings of Jonathan Edwards helped to shape the course of Protestant theology before, during, and after The Great Awakening of 1740-1742.
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Jonathan Edwards
1703-1758
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian, Journalist
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Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist / 1913 - 2007
Psychologist Albert Ellis developed the psychotherapeutic approach known as rational emotive behavior therapy, which help patients overcome irrational beliefs.
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Albert Ellis
1913-2007
Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist
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Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Journalist, Government Official / 1931 -
Daniel Ellsberg strengthened public opposition to the Vietnam War in 1971 when he leaked the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times.
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Daniel Ellsberg
1931-
Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Journalist, Government Official
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Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist / 1902 - 1994
Personality development, in Erik H. Erikson's view, occurs through a series of identity crises that occur in stages that must be overcome and internalized.
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Erik H. Erikson
1902-1994
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Journalist
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f
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Educator, Historian, Scholar, World Leader, Journalist, Sociologist / 1811 - 1888
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento was a writer and scholar who became president of Argentina in 1868.
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Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
1811-1888
Educator, Historian, Scholar, World Leader, Journalist, Sociologist
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Anthropologist, Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Academic Author, Journalist / 1926 - 1984
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher and historian. His best known works are Discipline and Punish and The History of Sexuality.
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Michel Foucault
1926-1984
Anthropologist, Educator, Historian, Philosopher, Scholar, Activist, Academic Author, Journalist
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Educator, Scholar, Supreme Court Justice / 1882 - 1965
Associate Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter was a noted law scholar, who was the high court's leading exponent of the doctrine of judicial self-restraint.
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Felix Frankfurter
1882-1965
Educator, Scholar, Supreme Court Justice
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Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Royalty, Botanist, Academic Author / 1679 - 1754
Christian Freiherr von Wolff was a German philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who is best known as a leading spokesman of German rationalism.
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Christian Wolff
1679-1754
Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Royalty, Botanist, Academic Author
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Scholar, Psychiatrist / 1856 - 1939
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist best known for developing the theories and techniques of psychoanalysis.
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Sigmund Freud
1856-1939
Scholar, Psychiatrist
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g
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Educator, Historian, Scholar, Literary Critic, Filmmaker, Academic Author, Editor / 1950 -
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. is an African-American educator and scholar, and the director of the W. E. B. DuBois Institute for African and African-American Research.
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Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
1950-
Educator, Historian, Scholar, Literary Critic, Filmmaker, Academic Author, Editor
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h
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Educator, Scholar, Economist, Journalist / 1899 - 1992
Economist F.A. Hayek was noted for his criticisms of the Keynesian welfare state and of totalitarian socialism. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize for Economics.
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F.A. Hayek
1899-1992
Educator, Scholar, Economist, Journalist
-
Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Architect, Illustrator, Astronomer, Physicist, Academic Author / 1635 - 1703
Robert Hooke was an English philosopher, mathematician and architect who discovered the law of elasticity, now known as Hooke's law.
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Robert Hooke
1635-1703
Philosopher, Scholar, Mathematician, Architect, Illustrator, Astronomer, Physicist, Academic Author
-
Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist / 1952 -
Bell hooks is an American scholar whose best known work focuses on perceptions of black women in the United States.
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bell hooks
1952-
Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist
-
Scholar, Poet / 1859 - 1936
A.E. Housman was an English scholar and poet whose poems were based on classical models and expressed a Romantic pessimism in a spare, simple style. He published two volumes of poetry: A Shropshire Lad and Last Poems.
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A.E. Housman
1859-1936
Scholar, Poet
-
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist / 1884 - 1952
Psychologist Clark L. Hull performed a study and produced the dominant learning theory of the 1940s and 1950s, that learning was based on “habit strength."
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Clark L. Hull
1884-1952
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist
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j
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Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Songwriter, Diplomat, Journalist / 1871 - 1938
James Weldon Johnson was an African-American writer, politician, educator and lawyer. He was also an early civil rights activist and leader of the NAACP.
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James Weldon Johnson
1871-1938
Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Songwriter, Diplomat, Journalist
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Educator, Historian, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist / 1914 - 2004
Daniel J. Boorstin was a writer and historian known for his Americans trilogy and The Discoverers.
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Daniel J. Boorstin
1914-2004
Educator, Historian, Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist
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k
-
Scholar, Psychologist / 1929 -
Jerome Kagan is a professor of psychology at Harvard University and is regarded as key pioneer in the field of developmental psychology.
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Jerome Kagan
1929-
Scholar, Psychologist
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Scholar, Political Scientist, Government Official / 1926 - 2006
Jeane Kirkpatrick was the first American female ambassador to the United Nations, an anticommunist, and Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser.
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Jeane Kirkpatrick
1926-2006
Scholar, Political Scientist, Government Official
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l
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Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist / 1886 - 1954
American educator, writer, and philosopher Alain LeRoy Locke is best remembered as the leader and chief interpreter of the Harlem Renaissance.
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Alain LeRoy Locke
1886-1954
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Journalist
-
Scholar, Journalist, Poet / 1874 - 1925
Amy Lowell was a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet from the prominent Lowell family of Boston. Her work is labeled "Imagism."
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Amy Lowell
1874-1925
Scholar, Journalist, Poet
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m
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Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Academic Author / 1908 - 1970
U.S. Psychologist Abraham Maslow was a practitioner of humanistic psychology. He is known for his theory of “self-actualization.”
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Abraham Maslow
1908-1970
Educator, Scholar, Psychologist, Academic Author
-
Scholar, Author / 1943 -
James Alan McPherson is an award-winning African-American short-story writer who focuses his character-driven works on racial tension, isolation and love.
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James Alan McPherson
1943-
Scholar, Author
-
Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Author / 1806 - 1873
John Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist. His works include books and essays covering logic, epistemology, economics, social and political philosophy, ethics, and religion, among them A System of Logic, On Liberty, and Utilitarianism.
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John Stuart Mill
1806-1873
Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Author
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n
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Philosopher, Scholar / 1844 - 1900
19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche radically questioned widely held cultural beliefs and is best known for his "God is dead" concept.
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Friedrich Nietzsche
1844-1900
Philosopher, Scholar
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p
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Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian / 1463 - 1494
Renaissance philosopher Count Giovanni Pico della Mirandola is remembered for writing the Oration on the Dignity of Man, a text considered to epitomize Renaissance humanism.
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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1463-1494
Philosopher, Scholar, Theologian
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Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Poet / 1688 - 1744
Alexander Pope was an 18th-century English poet best known for his epic poem, The Rape of the Lock, and his translation of Homer's Iliad.
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Alexander Pope
1688-1744
Philosopher, Scholar, Literary Critic, Academic Author, Poet
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r
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Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist, Poet / 1929 - 2012
Adrienne Rich is a U.S. poet, scholar and critic whose work exhibits her commitment to the women's movement and a lesbian/feminist aesthetic influence.
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Adrienne Rich
1929-2012
Scholar, Academic Author, Journalist, Poet
-
Scholar, Physicist, Academic Author, Publisher / 1779 - 1869
British scholar and physician Peter Mark Roget was best known for publishing Roget's Thesaurus in 1852 and helping to found the University of London.
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Peter Mark Roget
1779-1869
Scholar, Physicist, Academic Author, Publisher
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s
-
Scholar, Author / 1893 - 1957
Dorothy Sayers was a writer whose later efforts focused on theological dramas and books, radio plays and scholarly translations.
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Dorothy L Sayers
1893-1957
Scholar, Author
-
Scholar, Physicist / 1887 - 1961
Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger contributed to the wave theory of matter and to other fundamentals of quantum mechanics.
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Erwin Schrödinger
1887-1961
Scholar, Physicist
-
Philosopher, Scholar, Doctor, Musician, Missionary, Preacher, Theologian, Journalist / 1875 - 1965
Albert Schweitzer was Alsatian-German theologian, philosopher, organist, and mission doctor in equatorial Africa, whose goal was the Brotherhood of Nations.
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Albert Schweitzer
1875-1965
Philosopher, Scholar, Doctor, Musician, Missionary, Preacher, Theologian, Journalist
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Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Journalist / 1723 - 1790
Scottish social philosopher and political economist Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations and achieved the first comprehensive system of political economy.
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Adam Smith
1723-1790
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Economist, Political Scientist, Journalist
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Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Anti-War Activist, Academic Author, Journalist / 1933 - 2004
Susan Sontag was a critical essayist, cultural analyst, novelist and filmmaker. She wrote On Photography, Illness as Metaphor, The Volcano Lover and In America.
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Susan Sontag
1933-2004
Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Anti-War Activist, Academic Author, Journalist
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Scholar, Political Scientist, Academic Author / 1899 - 1973
Leo Strauss was a German-born American political philosopher and interpreter of classical political theory.
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Leo Strauss
1899-1973
Scholar, Political Scientist, Academic Author
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w
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Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Economist, Literary Critic, Political Scientist, Journalist, Sociologist / 1864 - 1920
Max Weber was a 19th century German sociologist and one of the founders of modern sociology. He wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 1905.
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Max Weber
1864-1920
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Anti-War Activist, Economist, Literary Critic, Political Scientist, Journalist, Sociologist
-
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Academic Author / 1953 -
Cornel West is a scholar of African American studies, and political activist. He published Race Matters in 1993 and appeared in the Matrix sequels.
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Cornel West
1953-
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Civil Rights Activist, Academic Author
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Scholar, Lawyer, Pastor, Journalist / 1849 - 1891
Civil War veteran George Washington Williams is best known as the author of History of the Negro Race in America, widely considered the first objective history of African Americans.
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George Washington Williams
1849-1891
Scholar, Lawyer, Pastor, Journalist
-
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Journalist / 1759 - 1797
Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pressed for educational reforms.
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Mary Wollstonecraft
1759-1797
Educator, Philosopher, Scholar, Women's Rights Activist, Journalist
-
Scholar, Judge, Academic Author / 1726 - 1806
Georges Wythe is best known for his work as an early American judge and law professor to future presidents, like Jefferson.
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George Wythe
1726-1806
Scholar, Judge, Academic Author
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