Auguste Comte biography

Synopsis

Overview

Philosopher Auguste Comte was born on January 19, 1798, in Paris, France. He was born in the shadow of the French Revolution and as modern science and technology gave birth to the Industrial Revolution. During this time, European society experienced violent conflict and feelings of alienation. Confidence in established beliefs and institutions was shattered. Comte spent much of his life developing a philosophy for a new social order amidst all the chaos and uncertainty.

Early Life

Comte’s father, Louis, a government tax official, and his mother, Rosalie (Boyer) Comte, were both monarchists and devout Roman Catholics. While attending the University of Montpellier, Comte abandoned these attitudes in favor of republicanism inspired by the French Revolution, which would influence his later work.

In 1814, he entered École Polytechnique and proved to be a brilliant mathematician and scientist. He left school before graduating and settled in Paris with no viable way to support himself. He earned a meager living teaching mathematics and journalism while deep in the study of economics, history and philosophy.

At 19, Comte met Henri de Saint-Simon, a social theorist interested in utopian reform and an early founder of European socialism. Deeply influenced by Saint-Simon, Comte became his secretary and collaborator. In 1824, the partnership ended over disputed authorship of the pair’s writings, but Saint-Simon’s influence remained throughout Comte’s life.

Philosophical Ideas

Free on his own, Comte developed a social doctrine based on scientific principles. In 1826, he began presenting a series of lectures to a group of distinguished French intellectuals. However, about one-third of the way through the lecture series, he suffered a nervous breakdown. Despite periodic hospitalization over the next 15 years, he produced his major work, the six-volume Course of Positive Philosophy. In this work, Comte argued that, like the physical world, society operated under its own set of laws.

Comte’s efforts furthered the study of society and the development of sociology. During this time, he supported himself with a post at École Polytechnique, but clashed with administrators and was dismissed in 1842. That same year, he divorced his wife, Caroline Massin Comte, after 17 years of acrimonious marriage. From then on he relied on friends and benefactors to support him.

In 1844, Comte became involved with Clotilde de Vaux, a French aristocrat and writer. Because she wasn’t divorced from her philandering husband, her relationship with Comte remained platonic, thought the two were deeply in love.